The Major Pitfalls (Historical and Current) Associated...

The Major Pitfalls (Historical and Current) Associated with Using Psychological Measures in the Multicultural South African Context Alaina Kamille Govender University of Kwa-Zulu Natal South Africa is deeply embedded in the roots of its past and so it inevitable that psychological assessment today would be greatly influenced by the history of our country. Foxcroft (1997) argued that there is a grave importance to understand the impact that South Africa’s past apartheid policies have had on the development and use of psychological testing. In her paper she addresses the impact of Apartheid policies on test development and use as well as linguistic, cultural and norm factors that would pose a threat to the fair, unbiased and ethical use and†¦show more content†¦Under the apartheid regime, there was segregation along racial lines of residential areas and education. Job policies ensured that certain jobs were reserved for certain groups, namely the white population. Claasen (1997) asserts that psychological testing was introduced to South Africa through the British and the development of psychological tests has followed closely to the patterns of tests in the USA. South African tests however, were developed in a context of unequal distribution of resources as a result of apartheid policies and were thus used to exploit black labour and deny black people access to education and economic resources, thereby perpetuating apartheid. It was therefore inevitable that psychological tests would follow the same kind of segregation along racial lines. As a result, assessment became an asset to the Apartheid regime and was reinforced by those scientists who believed in the Western concept of Intelligence (Foxcroft, 1997). Laher (2012) speaks of tests that were standardized for educated white South Africans but were administered to â€Å"illiterate, uneducated or poorly educated black South Africans† without investigating asShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesThe Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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A Review On The Case Of Eli Lilly And Company Versus Canada

An â€Å"Investor –state dispute settlement† (ISDS) is method of public international law which gives legal right for those who invested in a foreign country a chance to challenge a regulation, judicial or administrative ruling or and government decision of a hosted country. Investors are those who purchase properties or businesses in another country. ISDS allows the foreign investor to circumvent domestic courts and to bring sue against a hosted country government. This argument mediated by a panel of private international arbitrators. The provisions for ISDS are written in several bilateral investment treaties. ISDS was created to reduce the political risks related to rapidly increasing foreign investment, and make the commitments made by host States in investment treaties more easily enforceable (EPRS, 2014). In the case of Eli Lilly and Company versus Canada, the provision was written in Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)(wikipedia.org). ISDS often takes place under the supervision of arbitral tribunals such as the World Bank and United Nations. ISDS has recently become a primary topic of controversy during the signing of Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and other bilateral trade agreements. Some individuals argue that the focus on ISDS is either illegal, pointless and does not affect the pipeline of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in a country. 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Lord of the Flies The best leader “Ralph, piggy or jack” Free Essays

string(80) " They claim to see something which they were influenced as if it was the beast\." The lord of the flies began by a plane crash near the Pacific Ocean during an unnamed war in which a group of English schoolboys are lonely on an island, under no adult control. They are left on the island to feed themselves and fight their own battles. The boys started to make rules and laws in which everyone had to follow, but they tended to have arguments with each other when deciding rules. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies: The best leader â€Å"Ralph, piggy or jack† or any similar topic only for you Order Now They collapse from their friendships because they didn’t agree with the decisions or rules they made. The story starts off with a young character called Ralph. Ralph is a very organised person, making the reader becomes inclined to think that he is also an intelligent individual. He seems certain throughout the book that his father, a commander in the Navy, will come and rescue him and his peers. He was eventually chosen to be a designated leader of the group by the others. This is most likely because he is a polite character and he also carried the advantage of being one of the older members of the group. Piggy was Ralph’s best friend; this is largely due to the fact that he listened to what he said and didn’t hesitate to follow his rules. Eventually, as time passed by, piggy developed into a father figure towards the younger boys. ‘Lord of the flies’ has become a widely known story over the years, due to the unusual idea of the famous ‘conch.’ The boys took to the idea of using this conch to grant one another the power to speak-out without being interrupted in the many assemblies they had. With Ralph as the leader, it was inevitable to the reader that a device of this kind would be thought up, as Ralph, being a sensible youth, seemed to appreciate the great importance of being able to sustain order within the temporary community. This is why he came up with the idea of using a conch. In doing this, the element of fairness in Ralph’s character is also demonstrated to the reader. Ralph began to find rules and limits in which they could remain safe on the island. Ralph, Jack and Simon explored the island and began plans for shelters from the weather. Simon was a young lad, although he was still granted respect from the elders, and likewise he respected them. Ralph also made the decision that a fire should be lit permanently on the mountains as a constant smoke signal. This was a very pragmatic idea, again demonstrating to the reader the great leadership skills that Ralph possessed. Ralph then decides to have a meeting about lighting a fire on the mountains and Jack also decides to make a hunting party to hunt for pigs. A small boy claims to have seen a serpent-like beast, but the idea is quickly discarded after Ralph and Jack convince the group to collect wood. The group hurriedly rushes to the mountain and collect wood for a fire. At first they didn’t have anything to light the fire with. Then jack uses Piggy’s glasses as a magnifying glass to make sunrays as heat. Although there was only a little amount of fire created, the rest of the boys put some green branches on the fire, so they could have more fire. When the next meeting happened Ralph decided to make more regulations or commands to set people on specific tasks like building shelters and putting the fire on. From now Ralph and Jack start to make different decisions and start to ignore Ralph’s rules. Jack got more into hunting and started to forget his to goal of being rescued. Everyone started doing there own kind of activities, while Ralph and Simon were the only ones who were building shelters. The younger children started to help less and got more into playing games on the beach. Later on, a ship sails past the island but unluckily fails to notice the boys because Jack’s choir had let the fire out completely. Jack and his boys had lost attention in the fire and had gone off hunting. Jack and his boys caught a pig and told Ralph about all the things that had happened during his absence. However, he wasn’t interested as he was much more concerned over the fact that they’d failed to keep the fire going. â€Å"There was a ship out there, they might have seen us and we could have gone home. Your stupid ideas about hunting let everything down.† Jack lights the fire again by using Piggy’s glasses and prepares pigs meat for a little feast. By reading this phrase proves that Ralph cared about him self and others to be rescued. Later on in the story situation had changed from fire into beast situation because the young children’s were scared at night and told Ralph and jack that there is a beast on the island. Jack didn’t bother about Ralph rules and started to protect little children’s from beast. One night when piggy and Ralph were sleeping, the twins rushed to them and told them that they saw a beast with huge claws and teeth’s. Ralph then made a little assembly in the morning and told the rest of the children’s about what Sam and Eric saw last night. Jack and Ralph went to explore the island with some other children’s but they didn’t find anything. Ralph told the group to keep the fire going as well, while we are searching for the beast. The group started to ignore Ralph rules and joined Jack to hunt for the beast. Ralph still hanged around with jack for a little while. Jack told some of the children to come along with him so they can check if there is a beast living on the top of the mountain. Ralph volunteered to come along as well. They claim to see something which they were influenced as if it was the beast. You read "Lord of the Flies: The best leader â€Å"Ralph, piggy or jack†" in category "Papers" They ran away from the living thing and came down the mountain to protect their self. Ralph had planned a feast at night. They invited everyone to come and eat with them. They all were chanting and started to become louder and louder. Roger pretended if he was a beast and everyone slowly tried to attack him. Piggy stood in one place looking at them. While they were enjoying the festival, â€Å"Simon† went up to the mountain to see if there was really a beast living up there. He walked through the woods and ended up on the mountain. When he saw the beast he stepped back and got scared. Then he went to take a closer look at the beast and he found out that it was only a person made out of parachute which always got blown by the wind and makes it move. It pretended that if it was a real beast. Simon went running down the mountain and ran through the forest to tell everyone that there is no beast. While he is returning the boys saw that there was figure coming down. Someone shouted out that it’s a beast. Everyone rushed towards him and stabbed him several times until he can’t move. Then they stopped stabbing it and found out that the dead body was Simon. Ralph was in tears about Simon death. Now there were only piggy and Eric left on his side. Ralph told piggy that this was a murder. Piggy replied that it was too dark to see, it was also raining with thunders. It was accident said piggy. We couldn’t see who it was. It could have been anyone. Jack had stolen piggy glasses and their fire place. They had fort near the cliffs. Ralph and piggy went to the castle to collect piggy specs from jack, because they needed the specs to light the fire so they can be rescued of from the island. Piggy told jack that he has got the conch and he has got the right to talk. during his speech, he says â€Å"that you lot are acting like a bunch of kids with your faces painted like Niger’s†. Jack wasn’t even listening to piggy, than Ralph took the conch of piggy and called jack a thief and they both got into a fight. Everyone started to chant. Then eventually the pair stopped, and Piggy spoke. His long speech was interrupted when one of the savages rolled a huge rock down the cliff which struck Piggy and pushed him forty feet down the mountain and ended up falling on top of the pointy rocks. Jack showing no signs of remorse threw a spear which hit Ralph in the ribs. Ralph ran to the forest to save his self. All of the boys were gone, Ralph thought. Only cruelly children have remained. While Ralph was in the forest, he saw Sam and Eric. They told him that he should run and hide because Jack and Roger were going to hunt him soon. Suddenly Roger came to see if the twins were keeping guard. Ralph hid in a grove. When Roger left, Ralph ran away and thought about the best course of action. The island was on fire. The whole group was looking for Ralph. Jack spotted him and the whole group was soon chasing after him through the forest. Ralph was humiliated and ran out of the forest, and fell into the sand, in front of two shoes. The shoes of a sailor whose ship was waiting to take them home. Ralph told him about the deaths and then broke into tears. The sailor said â€Å"he wasn’t suspecting like this kind things from English boys†. Diary based on two characters, â€Å"which I consider may have become the selected leader†. Piggy When i was first crashed on an island, I was so scared, because there was no one to look after me or the rest of the group. I met a boy called Ralph. I told him what they used to call me back at the school time. Ralph started to have a little laugh. We carried on walking by the beach, when both us came across a shell. Ralph picked it up and asked me what you exactly do with this. â€Å"You blow it from underneath the hole and it makes a loud noise†, piggy replied in a gentle voice. â€Å"In olden times people use to take this has a symbol of justice, to speak out in assemblies†. As they we were walking and talking to each other, we saw a group of boys walking towards us; they were singing a song. Jack was one of the boys in that group. He asked our names, and then sat down and starts talking about how did they both met each other. When they were in middle of their conversation Ralph said that â€Å"they should have a leader who will give rules to everyone about how they are going to live, eat and do other things†. Jack and Ralph were both chosen to receive votes. Only a few people voted for jack, but quiet few of them said that Ralph should be the chief. Then at last I slowly raised my hand up voting for Ralph. Everything was going great. The entire group was following Ralph’s rules, later on things started to collapse because jack and Ralph didn’t agree with each other decisions. I was Ralph’s best friend and I didn’t like jack because he didn’t treated me in the same way like he did to everyone else. He called my names and said that I am too fat to do anything good. They all ways leave me behind with the little children’s because I was like their father figure. Jack always has wondered off to hunting and the fire would always go off. Our main advantage of the fire was the smoke, which was their signal of proving that someone or something is on the island and they need their help. Ralph When I was crashed on the island, I felt a bit scared because there was no one on the island to look after me. There were a lot of different sounds coming from the trees, like if something was looking or hunting for something. When I was walking beside the trees the first person I met was piggy. I told him my name and a bit about my self. Piggy was so kind and didn’t raise his voice above mine. When we were walking down, we saw a group of boys coming down. They were singing a song. A group of boys from them was called jack, he asked our names and then started talking about what’s going to happen on this island. I said, â€Å"That. There should be a leader who is going to tell everyone what to do, what to eat, what’s there jobs† e.c.t They both agreed with each other decisions. Then jack said to everyone to put their hands up who want me to be the chief. Only a few people voted for him but when it was my turn nearly everyone said that he should be the chief of us. Slowly, slowly my friend piggy raised his hand up at last. I told them that I am the chief, I will tell you lot what to do and what not to do. I structured everyone some fundamental things and told my group to follow some crucial regulations so we can be rescued of from the island. My main rule was to maintain the fire going so we can be noticed on the island and then can be capable of being rescued. Later on jack stopped listening to my rules because he said that I don’t do anything for hunting or I don’t feed the little children’s. From then jack never listened to me and always wondered off to do hunting or to have fun on the beach. During jack’s hunting, he killed a pig and became so excited to tell this news to me. I wasn’t bothered if they had killed a pig or not because I told them that there was a ship out there. If you lot didn’t have gone off to hunting we could have gone home. Your stupid plans to go for hunting had failed me the group, also let out the fire. I was disappointed of being a leader of my group. My worries are that I wish that everyone had worked in a group and then we can have been rescued off from the island soon as possible. Everyone didn’t do as i told them to, except from my best friend piggy. How to cite Lord of the Flies: The best leader â€Å"Ralph, piggy or jack†, Papers

Needle Injuries in Nursing for Hypodermic Syringes - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNeedle Stick Injuries in Nursing for Hypodermic Syringes. Answer: Issues and hazards at workplace are very common occurrences in the modern times. One such issue evident in the nursing sectors is the issue of needle stick injuries. Needle stick injuries generally refer to the wounds caused by the accidental needle punctures on the skin (Himmelreich et al., 2013). These are known to be hazardous for the people who work with the hypodermic syringes or other equipment that involve needles. These injuries generally happen at any time while the concerned person uses, disassembles or disposes the needles. These injuries refer to the penetration of the skin by a sharp object generally a needle. The penetration generally takes place by the needles that have been in contact with the tissues, blood or any other fluid of the body before being exposed to the environment. These injuries majorly affect the health care workers (Seng et al, 2013). The other professionals that are affected by these injuries are the tattoo artists, laborers, agricultural workers, pr eparers of food and the enforcers of law. These injuries may be responsible for the transmission of several blood-borne diseases that are infectious. Some of these diseases include human immunodeficiency virus or HIV, hepatitis C or HCV and the hepatitis B or HBV (Wicker et al, 2014). There have been recorded 25 different blood-borne viruses that have been caused in the laboratory personnel and the health care professionals due to the injuries caused by the needle sticks. According to the estimations, maximum occupational injuries caused by the needle sticks are not reported as the physiological effects of these injuries are generally negligible in degrees of their acuteness (Shalmani, Ranjbar Alizadeh, 2013). The following essay looks into the hazards that are faced due to the needle stick injuries that take place in the hospitals and other such organizations that deal with the uses of needles and syringes. The essay reflects on an incident of needle stick injury that took place at a hospital in Saudi Arabia. The reflective essay then proceeds with the reflection and explains the incident from the point of view of the nursing staff and facilities. The composition then goes on to assess the incident using the Kolbs reflective cycle, a model used in the study of nursing. A self-evaluation follows the above mentioned discussion. In this self-evaluation is mentioned the precautionary measures or the methods that can be used to avoid such situations in the future. The self-evaluation also brings to the limelight some of the impacts that we had faced due to the occurrence. The essay finally concludes with some recommendations as to how these types of incidents can be avoided in the future times . There has been reported several cases of the needle stick injuries in the profession of nursing. A six-month long study that had been carried out among the health-care workers in the Maternity and Childrens Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia had revealed that these incidents of needle stick injuries were a commonplace occurrence (Hashmi, Al Reesh Indah, 2012). The subjects of this study included all the health care workers who were involved with the hospital. The group of study took into consideration even the resident, specialist and consultant doctors, the nurses, the other allied staff related to the health care departments, the people who were hired to take care of the disposal of the waste generated during the medical procedures and the cleaning staff (Memish et al, 2013). The injuries that were taken into account were the injuries caused due to the sharp needles like those that were used in the pathology departments for collecting blood along with the hypodermic needles, suture ne edles, the intravenous cannulas, the intravenous sets that used winged needles, the needles that are used to connect the different parts of the intravenous delivery systems. This study also took into consideration the injuries that were caused due to the scalpels (Who.int, 2017). The members who took part in the survey were asked to asked to report to the Infection Control Nurse on the timings of the occurrences of the incidents of the injuries. An acquaintance of mine had been directly involved in one such case of needle stick injury. She was an employee in the emergency department of the hospital. She had been entrusted with the activity of collecting blood samples from a patient who had come in to get tested for hepatitis B. She had already withdrawn the amount of blood that was needed as a sample for testing the patient. While sheathing the needle-tip after the collection, the needle accidentally had penetrated the skin of the collector resulting in a needle stick injury in the hospital. There has also been similar reporting of injuries by the nurses who are in charge of the patients admitted in the hospital. A nurse had reported one such incident where she had faced an injury while applying the intravenous saline syringe on a patient in the emergency department. According to her, the needle had accidentally penetrated her fingers resulting in a negligible amount of blood loss. A nurse who was posted in the ICU section o f the emergency department of the hospital had reported another such incident where the needle that had penetrated her finger was meant for injecting intravenous medicines to the patient. She was in a hurry as this injection had to be applied within a stipulated period of time otherwise the patient would face severe consequences. She had to apply the medication within the short window of time that was provided to her. She had accidentally inserted the needle tip into her fingertip which resulted in blood loss of the concerned nurse. The patient however had received the medication at the proper time. The cases of needle stick injuries have also been reported by the cleaning staff of the hospital. The workers who are involved in the disposal of the equipment that have been in use in the various activities of the hospital, are not educated enough to know the various conditions that may arise from the seemingly innocent needle stick injuries. The cleaning staff members have often reported the incidents where they had to face these types of injuries. These incidents are not generally reported thereby avoiding required treatment. One such incident was faced by a worker while disposing off a syringe that was used to collect the blood sample of a person who had been found to have responded positively to the test for human immunodeficiency virus or HIV. According to him, the needle had accidentally pierced in the peripheral vein of his left hand. The worker did not report of the injury as he did not consider the incident to be dangerous. The worker did not even know that the needle had b een in use for the collection of the blood sample of a patient who had come in to get tested for HIV. The employee, on reporting the incident, had his blood-test conducted to make sure that he had not been suffering from the disease. Staff had been hired to help in the disposal of the used needles and other such disposable equipment that had been in use in the operation theatre. One of those staff had reported to have got injured due to a scalpel. This equipment had been used to operate on a lady who had been suffering from hepatitis B. The cleaning person had been very stressed out on the fact that he might have contracted the disease. He was relieved only when a test conducted on his blood sample revealed that he had not contracted it. The most common type of the injury caused by these sharp instruments are the sceptic injuries. These may result when a deep needle wound is created and the injury reaches the inner blood vessels. The concerned victim of the needle stick injury may contract diseases that are caused by the blood borne viruses. These injuries may also occur in the emergency department of the hospital or other nursing facilities and may prove to be fatal if not looked into at the appropriate time. The equipment used in the nursing professions should be handled carefully in order to avoid such injuries. These equipments mainly include the sharp needles like those that were used in the emergency departments for collecting blood for the proper diagnosis of the disease so as to provide the correct treatment to the patient. Apart from these, the instruments also refer to the hypodermic needles, suture needles, the intravenous cannulas, the intravenous sets that used winged needles, the needles that are used t o connect the different parts of the intravenous delivery systems (Leigh et al., 2017). The other instruments that are considered to be involved in this menacing hazard are the scalpels and other instruments that are used in the conduction of surgeries and in the pathological laboratories. There may be cases of broken glass equipments that may cause contamination if brought in contact with the blood of the sufferer. In all the above mentioned cases, it is seen that the conditions could be avoided if the victims would have been a bit more careful with their own self. In case of the first incident, my acquaintance could have avoided the incident if she had been a bit more careful while sheathing the needle after withdrawing the blood of the lady who had come in for the test of hepatitis B. The accidental pricking of the needle tip could have caused the infection caused the contamination of her blood thereby causing the disease that is caused by the transfer of the virus. The nurse in the next case could have prevented the injury had she been a bit more careful in the application of the intravenous saline channel. The same may be advised in case of the other nurse who had been appointed to inject the intravenous medication in case of the emergency patient who was admitted in the ICU. The cleaning staff also must be made aware of such happenings. They should be careful enough in their handling of the medical equipments that need to be disposed after usage (Askarian et al., 2012). This generally refers to the needles that have been used to collect the blood samples that needs to be examined for the detection of any disease that the patient is doubted to have been suffering from. These needles may also be used to collect any other bodily fluid and may be the apt medium through which the viruses and other disease causing elements may gain entry into the body system of a healthy person. The employees also have to keep a keen eye on the fact that broken equipment is got rid of very carefully. These are also the potential sources through which blood contamination is possible. If the broken piece of equipment had resulted in the blood loss of a patient suffering from a blood borne disease, the person who is disposing the broken equipment should take extra care so that he does not get hurt or have any cuts or other wounds from the same. This may lead to him contracting the disease too. Extra care should be taken so as to avoid injuries while cleaning and sterilizing the medical equipments that are used in the surgical operations. These instruments include the instruments that either use needle tips or require the attachment of a needle-tip in order to function properly. These instruments may also prove to be great carriers of the blood borne diseases if they come in contact of the blood of the affected. In order to prevent such occurrences where the medical staff may co ntract the disease, the hospital authorities have assured measures whereby the staff are provided with the medications that prevent the staff from contracting diseases that may prove to be fatal in the course of time. The medical staff who are in charge of the cleaning of these instruments must be trained well enough as to how to handle these sharp instruments like the needles and not injure themselves in the process. They should be advised to report any case of injuries that occur due to these injuries. They should be provided with anti-viral medications in advance so as to avoid contracting fatal diseases that may be caused due to the viruses that get transferred through the injuries that involve the sharp objects such as the needles, scalpels and other such instruments that are used in the profession of nursing. The medical staff that are in charge of using these instruments must be careful enough to let the cleaning person know if there are any items that should be disposed with extra precaution. They should always make it a point to mention if there are any sharp instruments that may be the source of a blood borne viral infection which may prove to be fatal in the course of time. In order to evaluate the incident that had been faced by the acquaintance of mine during the needle stick injury I have used the Kolbs cycle of reflection. This model is based on the many activities of reflection that has been undertaken in some professional contexts. The practice of nursing has systems which are well-established. It also involves the processes that encourage the matters of self-reflection. This process involves four different steps that are interconnected with each other. These are the formation of a first-hand experience. This step is followed by the reflection or the reviewing of the first-hand experience. The conclusions and the learnings that have been drawn from the experience follow the reflections of the observer. The learnings that have been acquired during the stage of conceptualization find their implications in this final stage of active experimentation. This step is proceeded by the first step of forming an experience which needs to be reflected on. The theory of the Kolbs reflective cycle is a well-known learning theory that is used majorly in the fields of learning. According to this theory, we get educated over the plethora of experiences that we gain over the everyday incidents that occur through our life. This theory also considers reflection to be an integral part of the process of learning. The first step of the cycle deals with the experiences that we encounter during the course of our life. In this incident of my acquaintance, the experience of the needle stick injury had been a tensing one. The needle had just been used to draw blood from the vein of the patient who was suspected to have been suffering from the dreadful disease of Hepatitis B. The careful sheathing of the needle could have avoided the injury in the first place. She had been ignoring the vaccination for the Hepatitis B. Thus, it is evident that she had been quite tensed when the needle which had just penetrated by the veins of the lady who had come in f or the test for the hepatitis B. In case of the worker who had injured himself while disposing the needle used for drawing blood from the patient who was suspected to have been suffering from the deadly disease of HIV, the injury could have been avoided had the worker paid extra attention to the fact that the needle had been sheathed properly. On looking back at the incident of the needle prick injury of the acquaintance of mine, it may be said that the carelessness on her part that had been responsible for the injury. The injury caused a feeling of trauma in the mind of the nurse as she had not been taking her vaccinations at the proper time and thus, had been vulnerable to contracting the disease very easily. She had to take immediate vaccinations in order to prevent the condition of contracting the disease. The experience had been very traumatic for the collector herself. She had been very tensed until the time that her blood test reports had revealed that she had not contracted the disease. The experience had been an incident that served as a lesson for the other employees in the same department. The other employees were seen to have grown more aware about the vaccinations that they were supposed to have. They started to have their regular health checkups done just in time. This was a highly needed measure that needed to be employed. The cleaning member had been under stress for a longer than usual period after he had come to know of the fact that the needle that had pierced the peripheral vein of the posterior side of his left palm was used to collect the blood sample of a patient who was suspected to have been suffering from the medical condition that was caused by the human immunodeficiency syndrome or HIV. He had been stressed ever since he had come to know of the fact. He had not thought that the accidental injury caused by a needle prick could be serious enough to cause complicated health issues. Thus, he had never reported the injury. He was not educated enough to know of the hazards that might occur due to the needle stick injuries that are seemingly innocent. Thus he underwent a huge amount of stress till the time his pathology results were out. The stress that he had been facing was released only when he tested negative for the disease of HIV (Green Griffiths, 2013). According to Kolb, we are able to create a hypothesis based on the situation or the incident that we have gone through in our lives. In this stage, we conclude on the facts that we have learned from the experiences that have been acquired from the instances that we have gone through. My acquaintance had learned a huge lesson to be more careful in her handling of sharp instruments such as needles that are mostly used in the pathology and emergency departments. She had learned that these needles that were used in the emergency departments should be handled carefully enough to avoid the transmission of the disease-causing agents. According to the Infection Control Nurse, the maximum number of the injuries that have been incurred in the emergency department have been a reason for the concerned staff to get stressed for a long period of time. The staff should be made more aware of the after-effects of the needle-stick injuries. It must also be brought to the limelight that medical equipme nt such as sharps, scalpels and the other various medical instruments that are used in the surgeries should also be handled with care. The cleaning staff must also be made aware of the fact that the needles should be handled with extreme care so as to avoid incidents that involve the contraction of a blood borne disease in the victim. The last stage of the Kolbs reflective model deals with the stage where the hypothesis formed in the previous stage is experimented upon. The experiences that are acquired from these stage help to decide whether or not is the hypothesis acceptable.in the concerned case, the hypothesis refers to the theoretical condition of training the staff regarding the hazards that might have their roots in the needle stick injuries that are seemingly innocent. There may arise situations whereby the delay in the reporting of the injury may result in the medical complications to arise in a patient. These medical conditions may have been avoided if the injury had been treated in a proper way at the proper time. In the concerned case of the acquaintance of mine, she had reported the injury at the first chance to do so thereby it was easier for the nursing staff to detect the presence of the concerned virus that might have gained entry into her blood stream through the needle stick injury that she had incurred. The cleaning staff, on the other hand had no knowledge of the needle that had been used in drawing blood from the lady who had come in to get treated for HIV. The low levels of education of the employee had led him to stress more over the fact that he had contracted the disease. In order to avoid these situations, the concerned staff must be conscious enough to report the slightest of injuries that they have undergone while working with the sharp needles or the other equipment that may result in injuries involving blood loss. The staff at the pathology center should be trained enough to know the hazardous conditions that may result from the seemingly innocent needle stick injuries (Bhardwaj et al., 2014). The staff responsible for the disposal of the used pathological and surgical instruments should receive more training on the conditions that may arise if they get infected from an injury that results in blood loss. They should be asked to report to the concerned authorities as soon as possible regarding the injury if they encounter any. These incidents may be avoided if the nurses and the sample collectors who work with sharp needles are more careful in the use of these instruments. The nurses should not hurry while sheathing a needle or while injecting an intravenous medicine into the system of the patient. They should always be more careful and cautious in the handling of such equipment thereby leading to the reduction of such injuries. They should be vaccinated at regular intervals of time so as to avoid any kind of fatal injuries (Cdc.gov, 2017). The hospital authorities should look into the fact the staff that has been appointed for the job of disposing the instruments that have been used at the pathology center or the at the operation theatre, should be well-trained on the issue of the hazards of the injuries that may be caused due to accidental hurts that are resulted due to the improper handling of these equipments. My feelings in this context do not vary from the one who has experienced the incident of a first-hand basis. I can very well relate to the stress that they face due to the risk of them having contracted the blood borne diseases that may have been present in the patient. In order to avoid these incidents, the hospital authorities should commence a blood borne pathogen control program that fulfils all the requirements of the standard blood borne pathogen indexes (Osha.gov, 2017). The usage of needles should be avoided in conditions where there are effective and safe alternative methods available (Bhargava et al., 2013). The authorities should provide the staff with the needled devices that have certain safety features. The authorities should provide the staff with containers to store the sharps (Rohde et al, 2013). All the cases of the injuries should be investigated thoroughly in order to get to the main cause of the problem thereby attempting to address the cause at the very root levels of it. The authorities should make sure that the concerned medical staff is provided with the necessary medical treatment and evaluated properly on receiving the report of any such incident. The staff who handle these instruments must avoid the use of these wherever they may avail alternate instruments. The staff should avoid bending or recapping the needles that might be contaminated. The employees must look into the fact that the needles are handled safely and got rid of in a safer way in order to avoid the conditions of contracting any fatal disease. The staff must follow the standard precautionary measures, the preventive measures that should be undertaken to avoid the spread of infections and other general practices of general hygiene on a constant basis in order to avoid the hazards of these injuries. In order to gather more information about the hazardous situations that may arise due to these types of injuries, the employee must participate in the training programs that are arranged by the concerned authorities. In conclusion to the above discussion it might be said that the needle stick injuries must be reported at the earliest possible timings in order to reduce the fatality of the disease if contracted by the concerned staff. The nurses and other staff that deal with these instruments must make it a point to help the authorities to select the devices that are safe to be used. The staff must report any cases of injuries that they might be facing while working with the instruments like the needled instruments or other sharp instruments that may enhance the risks of contracting a blood borne disease. An employee should wash the area of injury immediately with soap and water on experiencing a needle stick injury. They are advised to flush the affected area with water. The incident should be reported on an emergency basis and the concerned person should be granted access to immediate medical treatment in order to avoid further complications in the conditions. References Askarian, M., Malekmakan, L., Memish, Z. A., Assadian, O. (2012). Prevalence of needle stick injuries among dental, nursing and midwifery students in Shiraz, Iran.GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinr,7(1). Bhardwaj, A., Sivapathasundaram, N., Yusof, M. F., Minghat, A. H., Swe, K. M. M., Sinha, N. K. (2014). The Prevalence of Accidental needle Stick Injury and their reporting among healthcare Workers in orthopaedic Wards in General hospital Melaka, Malaysia.Malaysian orthopaedic journal,8(2), 6. Bhargava, A., Mishra, B., Thakur, A., Dogra, V., Loomba, P., Gupta, S. (2013). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital on needle stick injury.International journal of health care quality assurance,26(6), 549-558. Cdc.gov. (2017).Cdc.gov. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-123/pdfs/2012-123.pdf Green, B., Griffiths, E. C. (2013). Psychiatric consequences of needlestick injury.Occupational medicine,63(3), 183-188. Hashmi, A., Al Reesh, S. A., Indah, L. (2012). Prevalence of Needle-stick and Sharps Injuries among Healthcare Workers, Najran, Saudi Arabia.Epidemiology: Open Access,117, 2161-1165. Himmelreich, H., Rabenau, H. F., Rindermann, M., Stephan, C., Bickel, M., Marzi, I., Wicker, S. (2013). The management of needlestick injuries.Deutsches rzteblatt International,110(5), 61. Leigh JP, et al. (2017).Costs of needlestick injuries and subsequent hepatitis and HIV infection. - PubMed - NCBI.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17655812 Memish, Z. A., Assiri, A. M., Eldalatony, M. M., Hathout, H. M., Alzoman, H., Undaya, M. (2013). Risk analysis of needle stick and sharp object injuries among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital (Saudi Arabia).Journal of epidemiology and global health,3(3), 123-129. Osha.gov. (2017).Osha.gov. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3161.pdf Rohde, K. A., Dupler, A. E., Postma, J., Sanders, A. (2013). Minimizing nurses' risks for needlestick injuries in the hospital setting.Workplace health safety,61(5), 197-202. Seng, M., Lim, J. W., Sng, J., Kong, W. Y., Koh, D. (2013). Incidence of needlestick injuries among medical students after implementation of preventive training.Singapore Med J,54(9), 496-500. Shalmani, H. M., Ranjbar, M., Alizadeh, A. H. M. (2013). Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease.J Liver,3(147), 2167-0889. Who.int. (2017).WHO | Needlestick injuries.Who.int. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/needinjuries/en/ Wicker, S., Stirn, A. V., Rabenau, H. F., von Gierke, L., Wutzler, S., Stephan, C. (2014). Needlestick injuries: causes, preventability and psychological impact.Infection,42(3), 549-552.

In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society Essay Example

In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society Essay Sparta, as countless others scholars have noted, was a world apart from the other poleis in Ancient Greece in its customs. It was one of the few poleis to retain a Kingship, and as doubly odd to have had a Dyarchy two Kings reigning simultaneously, one each from the Agiad and Eurypontid lines respectively. Is it possible, in fact, that this strange royal partnership reflected and maybe even in some way fuelled the peculiar habits of Lacedaemonian society? I wish to explore the nature of the Kings role in the Spartan constitution, their role in Spartan religion and their powers commanding the army. I will also explore their role in diplomacy. The concept that we have of archaic monarchs (in this case, dyarchs), especially many of those during the Hellenistic era (like Phillip II Alexander I of Macedon, the Great Kings of Persia and later on into history) is that of absolute control and to check that power. In Sparta, it was a very different affair (Cartledge, 1987: 17; 2001: 57). Perhaps a very basic point, but something that reflected the overall ethos of Laconian society was the deemed seniority of the Agiad line (Hdt. 6. 51; Cartledge, 1987: 23, 100). This echoed throughout Spartan society; where the Spartan youth were tutored to obey their elders. The two Kings were overseen (literally MacDowell, 1986: 128) by Ephors and laws were passed by the Gerousia (which they were at least part of). It is quite plausible that over the centuries, before the advent of Ephors, the constitutional powers of the Kings were much greater (MacDowell, 1986: 123). For example, by the mid 5th century, we know that judicially, the Kings judged cases involving unmarried heiresses, adoptions and public roads (Herodotus, 6.57. 4/5). Indeed, the constantly fluctuating relationship between the Ephors Gerousia with the Kings is something worth investigating. In theory, the Ephorate was established to prolong the royal crowns (Cartledge, 2001: 33), with both of them exchanging vows to each other monthly to act within the law (Xen. Lac. Pol. 15.7). But there were instances where ulterior motives on either side came to the fore. Pausanias tells us that when a King committed a misdemeanour and was to be tried back home, the judges included the other governing arms the Ephors and the Gerousia, the latter including the other king (Paus, 3.5.2); Cleomenes was exiled for trying to dismiss the Athenian boule (Yates, 2005: 75/6). However, it is quite possible that this was a special case, regarding the trial of Pausanias (MacDowell, 1986, 128, Cartledge, 1987: 109). We will write a custom essay sample on In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We also hear of the Ephors conducting a ritual sky watch once every 8 years, searching for bad omens which they could use against the kings rule (Rahe, 1977: 278-9, no. 145). Not only does this show a cautious approach from them towards the dyarchs, but the ritual itself fits very neatly with the religious aspect (page 6) of the kings themselves; they could be impeached by the gods. Ste. Croix goes further, categorising the trials and banishments of the Kings in the 5th 4th centuries as the work of the Ephors (1972: 350-3; Rahe, 1980: 398). Pleistoanaxs actions in Attica (446-5 BC) led him to being put on trial and exiled, and this may well have been due to the report of the Ephor(s) accompanying him on the campaign (Cartledge, 1987: 17). It might well have been that his peace with Athens was not popular with the Gerousia and Ephors, ably demonstrated by the violation of his peace (Cartledge, 1982: 261/2). This would also show the inherent hostility towards Athens in Spartan society . Yet, there are instances where the balance is reversed and the ephors were used as an advisory board of sorts. Cleomenes I went to the ephors in order to inform them about the suspicious activities of Mnaiandrios of Samos (Hdt. 3.148.2). We also hear from Xenophon that King (regent) Pausanias managed to convince three Ephors to take military action (Xen. Hell. 2.4.29), though this would have been different for other judicial decisions (MacDowell, 1986: 131). There is also the instance where Agesilaos managed to take drastic action and execute conspirators after consulting the ephors (Plutarch, Agesilaos. 32. 11). The Ephors were liable to manipulation from wily Kings (Brunt, 1965: 279). Despite being put in place to check the power of the Kings, it is likely that the Ephors werent indicative of popular representation within Sparta, being as they were, just 5 citizens elected from the damos (Aristotle, Pol. 1256b39-40) and holding office for only a year. Individual Ephors might well have exploited disagreements between Kings to their own advantage (Cartledge, 2001: 59), but split voting, change of policy with new Ephors and disagreements would have put pay to any personal ambitions. Moreover, the Kingship remained the principal office for which true political power remained, as the Machiavellian scheming of Lysander attests to (Cartledge, 2001: 36). What this shows is the willing subservience of Spartan society to adhere to their rigid hierarchy of royal dominance, and that the downfall of a King would be the reluctant last solution, if it would save the Lacedaemonians from doom. Let us take the example of a King being indicted (see above). If a charge against a King was to be upheld, it was necessary for all the Ephors and the majority of the Gerousia with the other King to vote against said King on trial (Cartledge, 2001: 60). If the King was summoned by the Ephors, he was only required to do so upon the third time of asking (Cartledge, 2001: 62). In Agesilaos IIs case, he hobbled. The Spartans despised physical disability but since Agesilaos was King; this must have been overlooked because of his status, again reflecting submission to ones betters. We should also note that in the presence of a King, everyone else had to stand. As Cartledge picks up upon, this mirrored the Spartan ideal whereby juniors were expected to give up their seat to a senior (2001: 62) and probably also the deferral to ones superiors as well (Kelly, 1981: 48). As for the Gerousia, Cartledge argues that it might well have been as old as the Kingship itself, but its size and the inclusion of the 2 Kings (If a king was away, then his vote was given to another, who would vote for him and himself (Thuc. 1.20.3) thus conforming to the rest of the Gerousia) within it reflect a change in status of the Dyarchy, to the advantage of the Gerousia (2001: 31). He also argues that the Gerousia was the main domestic and foreign decision making body (2001: 60) made from the senior, aristocratic Spartiates (however, as the Kings were ex officio members, it is possible that the Kings could have been the youngest faces within the Gerousia, disagreeing with the superiority of the elders (Pleistarchus and Agis IV McQueen, 1990: 167)). If this is the case, then a long reigning King would have been able to see the Gerousia membership appointed in his favour (by his own admission: Cartledge, 2001: 65). Agesilaos IIs vote to save Sphodrias in the trial of 378 is a good indication of his control over the Gerousia. So it is a good bet that the Kings were the political foci (Mitchell, 1991: 58; despite Lewis, 1977: 48; Hdt. 6.52.8). Far from the nature of the Dyarchys role within the government of Sparta, we can tell a lot about how much they mirrored Spartan society from their day to day lives within the polis. The Kings would both eat in the Royal mess tents (syssitia), which the homioi were separated from, promoting the idea that the Royals were something else (Cartledge, 1987: 104). Whats more, the Kings were awarded double rations so as to honour guests (Cartledge, 1987: 108; Xen. Ages. 5.1; Lak. Pol. 15.4) and we can presume that this was used as part of the xenia process. The mess tents the homioi used were subject to control of membership, along grounds of social, wealth and seniority status (Hodkinson, 1983: 253/4), thus promoting the oligarchic fashion of Sparta. That the Kings were kept separate heightens this idea. In terms of property, it was very much a case of furthering ones own ambitions (Leonidas in Plut. Kleo. 1.1) and keeping property within their family by literally doing just that marrying close consanguineous kin or similarly wealthy aristocrats (Hodkinson, 2000: 82, 408). This was done by the Kings and aristocrats alike. In the cases where they judged adoption, the Kings would make sure that the adopted was landless and would pass them onto those who were the same, thus allowing them to keep the properties in the upper echelons of society (Hodkinson, 2000: 82). The royal houses were typical of Spartan propertied classes. Good examples of this would be Leonidas Is marriage to Gorgo, Cleomenes Is only child so as to inherit Cleomenes property when he died as well as bolster his claim to the Agiad throne (Hdt. 7.239.4), Cleomenes IIIs marriage to Agiatis, the widow of Agis IV (Hdt. 6.71), Ariston marrying his friends wife (Hdt. 6.61-2) and Aegisilaos Is marriage to Kleora (Paus. 3.9.3). We should however note that the Agiad Eurypontid royal lines owned considerably more land than any other citizen as they possessed territories in many perioikic communities (Xen. Lak. Pol. 15.3). Though they imitated the attitude of the wealthy few in Sparta by such a process, it limited the number of heirs and the division of inheritance, concentrating the property and wealth in the hands of the closely related few; wealth married wealth, segregating society even further. The royal houses enhanced their socio-economic position over history through such activities (Hodkinson, 2000: 413). As the elites perpetuated their position, the decline in citizen numbers accelerated, allowing the successful aristocratic lineages to safely secure high offices and property (Hodkinson, 2000: 415). This in turn would have lead to policy-making being dominated by very few, not least between the 2 Kings and their respective supporters in the Gerousia (Roy, 2009: 442). Religion was integral part of Spartan life, like most other Classical poleis. In Sparta, the Kings had an important part to play. We learn from Herodotus (6.59) that both Kings were hereditary high priests of Zeus Lakedaimonios and Zeus Ouranios (perhaps one for each). As such, they were required to sacrifice to Zeus and others before, during and after a military campaign (Lipka, 2002: 221). Whilst marching, the Kings preceded the fire-bearers, whilst a train of sacrificial animals followed behind the army (Burket, 1985: 257). The representation of Castor and Polydeukes was taken on military campaigns (Cartledge, 1987: 109). They ate first and received twice as large a portion as everyone else at sacrificial feasts (Cartledge, 1987: 107). The Kings received 72 litres of barley and a quart of wine every new moon and on the 7th day of the lunar month (Lipka, 2002: 221). Lastly, no-one was permitted to touch the Kings (Plut. Agis. 19.9). They were probably not God-Kings, but more than mortal (Miller, 1998: 2). It is clear that the health of the state was bound to the health of the Kings (Cartledge, 1987: 105; Parker, 1988: 153). The fact that the Kings were apportioned the skins and entrails of the sacrifices shows the high esteem they were held in by the Religious community. As Sparta was an extremely superstitious and seriously religious community, it certainly seems consistent that the Kings were assigned such duties. They were also given the honour of appointing two Pythioi each, who acted permanent ambassadors to Oracle at Delphi (Hdt. 6.57.2-4), the highest honour, presumably as Delphi was the pan-Hellenic sanctuary! Lysanders attempted bribery of Delphi reflects the entrenched power the kings had, since they maintained a close relationship with Delphi through their Pythioi (Cartledge, 1987: 96), maybe even to further their own agenda (Cartledge, 2001: 63). Royal funerals on the other hand, were perhaps the most spectacular in the Peloponnese (Hdt. 6.58), which would have been in sharp contrast with the simplicities (Laconic) of ordinary Spartans (Parker, 1988: 153), and it would have had an impact upon the members of the royal house (Hodkinson, 2000: 263). Each free household (Spartiate and Perioikic) had to provide one male and female each to the funeral; Helots were obliged to attend (reflecting Spartan societys dominance over them (Cartledge, 1987: 333)). The funeral would have been a public affair, lying-in-state, reflecting the very Spartan practice; other cities kept their funerals as private affairs (Cartledge, 1987: 333). Again, unlike anywhere else in Greece, the King would have been buried within the boundaries of the living, maybe even close to a sanctuary, defying the Hellenic taboo of Greek pollution (Plut. Lyc. 27.1). It is interesting to notice that the custom of embalming their King was copied from Persian and Egyptian practices (Hdt. 1.40.2, 4.71.1), which is seemingly at odds with their xenophobia towards foreign cultures. Leonidas I, who died in battle may well have had an exceptional burial (buried again after his demise 40 years earlier), sharing a similar Spartan trait of honouring only those who died fighting (Cartledge, 1987: 336). The royal funeral was beyond what a mere mortal man could claim and what many aristocrats aspired to (Xen. Hell. 3.3.1), thus convincing the Spartiates of the connection between a healthy Sparta and the dual Kingship (though this would become less and less effective in later Sparta (Cartledge, 1987: 337/341)). For Spartans, soldering was their life. However, unlike the homioi, the heirs to the thrones were not required to go through the Spartan education system the agoge (Plut. Ages. 1.4). This does seem strange initially, but when you consider how the Kings were perceived as beyond mortal (see above), the heirs and Kings were already superior to everyone else (Cartledge, 1987: 24). Agesilaos IIs decision to go through the agoge would naturally have made him even more special, considering his disability; just like Leonidas before him. Herodotus tells us (5.75.2) that because of a crisis between Cleomenes and Damaratus on a joint campaign in 506 BC, one King stayed behind in Sparta. The King elected on campaign assumed sole command on campaign, handling an enormous amount of power; anyone who tried to prevent this would be cursed (Cartledge, 1987: 81, 105). He was even assigned his own bodyguard (hippeis) who were the elite soldiers (Thuc. 5.72.4). The King could also expect a personal haul of a third of the total booty collected on campaign (Polybius. 2.62.1). Aristotle (Pol. 1285a 7-8, 1285b 26-8) inferred that the Kings were mere hereditary generals, but as we can see, that was patently not the case. Their power was absolute (they even had the authority to choose between life and death (MacDowell, 1986: 126). With the King at the head of an army, the connection between the military and the political hierarchy was plain to see. Leadership went hand in hand with the military caste (Cartledge, 1987: 203). To lead the army in a military orientated state like Sparta would surely have been the greatest honour. This echoes what was said earlier (page 4), about having to submit to ones betters, especially in Sparta, replicating the master/student, senior/junior, rich/poor relationship in all of Spartan society. The Lacedaemonians were subject to the power of the Ephors, Gerousia and the Dyarchy at home, yet outside Sparta, it became a Monarchy. I feel this could be due to the way the Spartiates perceived non-Spartiates. As they distrusted foreigners, they needed to be, in theory, intimidated. So, one King with full power and a large army would have done this perfectly and was indicative of Spartas xenophobia. Where it was a matter of gaining advantage for Lacedaemon, the Spartan elites did engage with those from the outside (of Sparta). The Kings were allowed to appoint proxenia, Spartiates who acted as ambassadors for those from other poleis (Hdt. 6.57.2). This was certainly related to Spartas xenophobia (cf. Figueira, 2003: 66), where the only ones who were entrusted to make relations with non-Spartiates were those trusted by the Kings, and was thus open to manipulation (Cartledge, 1987: 81, 97, 108). No doubt, the Spartan kings would already have had friendship ties (xenia) with many Peloponnesian oligarchies, thus enabling them to influence foreign policy in those states (Cartledge, 1987: 246). King Agis II was fined for negotiating with Argives (Thuc. 5.59-63), one was a Spartan proxenos and another had xenos with Agis himself (Hodkinson, 2000: 352; Roy, 2009: 440). Archidamus had terms of xenia with Pericles of Athens (Thuc. 2.13.1; Mosely, 1971: 434). The relationships the Kings had with their friends in the Peloponnese is reminiscent of the 18th 19th century European Monarchs, who retained ties of blood and friendship with each other. In what ways did the Dyarchs reflect other aspects of Spartan society? Though they were designed to prevent it, the Kings dominated both of the Ephors and Gerousia, reflecting the superior/inferior (master/slave) aspect of Sparta as a whole. Messing in the syssitia and the accumulation of property through marrying close kin or wealthy others promoted the oligarchic fashion (ruled by the few (in this case 2!)). The Kings as high priests and their spectacular funerals cemented their demi-god credentials; it fitted perfectly with the zealously religious Spartans. Leadership of the state was reflected by their leadership of the army and the Kings leading the peculiar form of Proxenia and xenos reflected the inherently xenophobic nature of Spartan society. The Dyarchy was coterminous with Sparta (Arist. Pol., 1310b 38-9), though it has been considered an egalitarian society, it was anything but, with competiveness instilled from youth (Kelly, 1981: 54). Sparta demanded high reverence to the continued influence of the Spartan Kings (Rice, 1974: 165) and time passed, the un-checked power of the Kings fostered Hellenistic monarchic tendencies in later kings (McQueen, 1990: 166). The dual Kinship promoted a dual image, where the Spartans promoted one thing, but did another (Miller, 1998: 13).

Free Essays on Worn

The story  ³A Worn Path, ² by Eudora Welty, tells the journey on foot of an elderly black women, Phoenix Jackson, from her home to the nearest town. She makes the journey to go to the doctor to get medicine for her sick grandson. On the trip, she runs into some trouble here and there with her dress getting caught in the underbrush and old age getting to her. She encounters a big dog that knocks her over, but is soon rescued by a passing hunter. As she gets to town, Phoenix asks a woman to her to help her tie her shoes then, proceeds to the doctor ¹s office. When she arrives there, her memory fails her and she forgets what her long trip was for. The light comes on and she remembers her grandson ¹s medicine. She gets the medicine and the money the nurse gives her, goes and buys a gift for her grandson and sets off for home. In this story, old age and class alienate Phoenix from society. Old age alienates Phoenix from a hunter she encounters on the trail. Age alienates Phoenix f rom the hunter when he assumes her age enables her to continue her trip to town. The hunter states,  ³Why, that ¹s too far! That ¹s as far as I walk when I come out myself and I get something for my trouble... Now you go home, Granny! ² (Welty, 215) By saying the trip is too far, the hunter shows he does not believe Phoenix can make it to town due her elderly age. When he says  ³... and I get something for my trouble ² (Welty, 215), the hunter infers that he feels Phoenix has no business being out there making the long trip, and there is no reason good enough for her to be venturing that far. The hunter alienates Phoenix because her age by telling her the trip is too far and calling her Granny. Class alienates Phoenix Jackson from the attendants in the doctor ¹s office. As Phoenix walks in the door one attendant says,  ³A charity case, I suppose ² (Welty, 216). Based on appearance alone, the attendant makes the assumption that she was a charity case.  ³A poignant sc... Free Essays on Worn Free Essays on Worn The story  ³A Worn Path, ² by Eudora Welty, tells the journey on foot of an elderly black women, Phoenix Jackson, from her home to the nearest town. She makes the journey to go to the doctor to get medicine for her sick grandson. On the trip, she runs into some trouble here and there with her dress getting caught in the underbrush and old age getting to her. She encounters a big dog that knocks her over, but is soon rescued by a passing hunter. As she gets to town, Phoenix asks a woman to her to help her tie her shoes then, proceeds to the doctor ¹s office. When she arrives there, her memory fails her and she forgets what her long trip was for. The light comes on and she remembers her grandson ¹s medicine. She gets the medicine and the money the nurse gives her, goes and buys a gift for her grandson and sets off for home. In this story, old age and class alienate Phoenix from society. Old age alienates Phoenix from a hunter she encounters on the trail. Age alienates Phoenix f rom the hunter when he assumes her age enables her to continue her trip to town. The hunter states,  ³Why, that ¹s too far! That ¹s as far as I walk when I come out myself and I get something for my trouble... Now you go home, Granny! ² (Welty, 215) By saying the trip is too far, the hunter shows he does not believe Phoenix can make it to town due her elderly age. When he says  ³... and I get something for my trouble ² (Welty, 215), the hunter infers that he feels Phoenix has no business being out there making the long trip, and there is no reason good enough for her to be venturing that far. The hunter alienates Phoenix because her age by telling her the trip is too far and calling her Granny. Class alienates Phoenix Jackson from the attendants in the doctor ¹s office. As Phoenix walks in the door one attendant says,  ³A charity case, I suppose ² (Welty, 216). Based on appearance alone, the attendant makes the assumption that she was a charity case.  ³A poignant sc...

Capital Investment Decisions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Capital Investment Decisions - Assignment Example The stated aim of this recently introduced legislation is â€Å"to promote the financial stability of the United States by improving accountability and transparency in the financial system, to end ‘too big to fail’, to protect the American taxpayer by ending bailouts, to protect consumers from abuse financial services practices, and for other purposes† (GPO, n. d.). Even though this Act was passed with intent to protect the nation from another financial crisis, it adversely affects banks’ ability to extend financial assistance to various business sectors. This legislation noticeably reduces banks’ lending limits. For instance, the Act strictly requires banks not to lend money to risky projects or business organizations that are less likely to repay debts. Often, it cannot be possible to accurately evaluate the potentiality of capital projects or business acquisitions because those ventures depend on a set of uncertain future events. According to the American Bankers Association (2012), this Act has limited price thresholds for certain lending segments and framed new disclosure forms and procedures for all types of mortgages. As a result, large business corporations would face potential challenges in meeting business expansion needs timely. Another disappointing feature of this Act according to the American Bankers Association (2012) is that it has mandated many stronger legal liabilities in connection with real estate finance. Although these policy changes are effective to ensure the accountability and transparency of banking transactions, business houses often find it difficult to raise adequate funds to finance capital projects and acquisitions. Consequently, entrepreneurs and other business organizations would hesitate to undertake new business development ventures; and this situation would adversely affect the growth rate of the US economy as a whole. The Forbes writer Lenzner (2012) argues that the Dodd-Frank Act is a â₠¬Ëœconfused, bloated law’ because this policy change has failed to address many concerns including cost, efficiency, and growth. 2. No economic policy can assure 100 percent that it can prevent a financial crisis in the future. In contrast, economic policies or legislative amendments are introduced to lessen the chances of economic downturns or to reduce the impacts of a future financial crisis. The Act implies that the US economy has to make some regulatory changes in order to forecast and respond to the next crisis effectively. Hence, the Dodd-Frank Act itself says that it would not guarantee the prevention of a future financial crisis. The US policymakers hold the view that America’s largest financial firms represent some of the major huge pillars supporting the US economy. They point out that damages to these pillars during the 2008 global financial crisis worsened the economic status of the nation. It is identified that the increased governmental support persuaded these big companies to borrow cheaply and to take greater risks. In short, the â€Å"too big to fail’ status of those large financial companies can be considered as a major factor contributed to the recent recession. According to Will Melick, the Gensemer Professor of Economics (as cited in Kenyon College Alumni Bulletin (2012), the Dodd-Frank Act contains provisions for certain restrictions on financial firms’ operational activities in exchange for the protection from

The French Revolution in Russian Intellectual Life Article

The French Revolution in Russian Intellectual Life - Article Example In 1905, Russia was defeated by Japanese and following the same year there was the peaceful parade of workers in St. Petersburg (later known as Petrograd) was open fired by Tsarist troops. Following the general strike, Tsar created first Russian constitution and the State Duma, an elected parliamentary body. But Nicholas always wanted to retain autocracy. (S?lapentoch, 2008).   During World War I, Russia suffered great losses and had millions of causalities. Nicholas then went to take control of the army himself in 1915, but at that time there were no such trained people nor any supplies of arm left to fight. This World War I period proved to be a great blow to Tsar’s rule. (St. Petersburg life) On 23rd February 1917, the festival of International Women’s Day broke out in a protest in the streets of St. Petersburg (Russian Capital), against the food shortage. Gradually everybody joined the strike including men, students, and all working classes. Even military forces t urned rebellious against Tsar and shot their own military officers when they asked the forces to shot the people in procession on the orders of Nicholas. This is known as the February Revolution. (St. Petersburg life) With so much unrest prevailing finally Nicholas and tried to hand over his powers to his brother Michael but he cannot become leader until he was elected via elections. The Provisional Government was temporarily formed by the members of Duma until the elections held. Also, a Petrograd Soviet Organization came into being by the trade union of workers and soldiers who favored Socialism than democratic reforms. (St. Petersburg life) In 1917, Lenin decided to return to Russian as he got a chance to rule Russia. Lenin was against the Tsar rule and was under arrest during his reign but now he got a chance to lead his party, Bolsheviks. He entered by the permission of German authorities as they have won the war and Russia was under control. Lenin was welcomed by Russians and after getting the control over powers, he immediately condemns the Petrograd Soviet and Provisional Government and tried to introduced Communism. In summers of 1917, Lenin tried to bring another revolution by overthrowing Provisional and Petrograd Government but was not succeeded as Kerensky, one of the important figures of Petrograd and Provisional Government condemns it and troops were arrived in the city suppressing the dissidents and accused Bolsheviks of being in collision with Germans. Lenin escaped to Finland and others were arrested. Lenin didn’t stop and continued his planning. It was not too late when Kerensky had to face political setbacks and somehow he had to contact Bolsheviks for military assistance when he feared Kornilov was aiming for military dictatorship. The Bolsheviks aided him and hence, took the powers by winning majority votes within the Petrograd and Moscow Soviet. At last, Leon Trotsky was elected as the president. In October of 1917, Lenin now fina lly decided to capitalize his party’s popularity by replacing the Provisional Government with Bolsheviks. On 24th October, the troops entered St. Petersburg capturing all major buildings and positions in the city.

The 21st century has begun. What changes do you think this new century Essay

The 21st century has begun. What changes do you think this new century will bring Use examples and details in your answer - Essay Example While many people consider technological devices to make our lives easier, they can also have a detrimental effect on our well-being. It’s getting to the stage now where almost no one sends anything by post because it takes too long to reach its destination. This next century could see our virtual lives becoming just as significant as our real lives. Another change that the next century will bring is global wars. Although there have been global conflicts in the previous century, modern technology will result in the types of wars that we have never seen before. Long gone are the days where two armies came together and fought it out on the battlefield. Another element that will make world wars interesting over the next 100 years is the use of nuclear weapons. Countries such as Iran and North Korea have, or will have, the technology and desire to attack nations that they consider to be their enemies. Perhaps the most exciting change of this century will be the advances in medicines. Global sicknesses that were once thought of as deadly will be consigned to the history books. This will result in humans being able to live longer, which may be either a good or bad thing depending on who gains access to these advanced types of medicines. What we do know is that the standard of living will improve for most

Medicalisation

Medicalisation Medicalisation Medicalisation is defined as a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems usually in terms of illnesses or disorders. Initially all deviant behavior were described as sin or criminal behavior and religion had full control over how to punish such deviant behavior. Later on as societies became more complex with the growth of technology and as the hold of religion diminished as a control agent, the emphasis shifted from punishment as a preferred sanction for deviance to treatment of illness. Deviance that was considered sin or bad is now considered as sickness. With increasing success biomedicine started functioning as a control agent. Review of recent research shows that now many socially unacceptable behaviors have been medicalized and assigned disease terms in the 20th century and even normal human events and common human problems are considered under medical jurisdiction. For instance, alcoholism, drug addiction, hyperactive children, suicide, obesity, mental retardation, crime, violence, child abuse, learning problems, births, aging, menopause and many social deviances are all brought under the umbrella of medicalization. Medicine is all pervasive in our daily life. At the same time some behaviors previously considered medical problems have become more acceptable and been de-medicalized ,e.g., homosexuality and masturbation. T. Moreira (2006) suggested that the process of medicalisation is insufficient to understand the social aspect of relationship between a state that is considered as medical disorder and health. One needs to also look at the dynamics of the creation, evaluation and use of biomedical knowledge. The need for these dynamics was underlined in her research on relationship between sleep and health. She explored a very common sleep disorder,viz., obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS)and shaping of continous positive airway pressure, a very common therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea(CPAP). She used the method of case study. Two case studies were scrutinized- Historical literature review of emergence and, development of OSAS and CPAP. Initially sleep apnoea was described as Pickwickian syndrome on the basis of symptoms that led to sleep disturbances. It was believed that sleep apnoea occurs among those who are overweight, lazy and snore loudly causing inconvenience to others. Extreme obesity was associated with severe daytime sleepiness. William Dement et.al. investigated this link by using sleep laboratories. But by late 1970s, obesity was no more considered the cause of sleep aponea, it was merely seen as a risk factor that may lead to disease. With laboratory observation of sleep it became clear that sleep process was responsible for OSAS and not obesity. There was a shift from Pickwickian syndrome to sleep aponea syndrome. In Pickwickian syndrome, the clinical symptoms like obesity, hypoventilation and plethoric face were highlighted while in sleep aponea syndrome Apnea/Hypoapnea Index became progressively more acceptable. The development of CPAP showed how on one hand patients actively participate in evolving health technology and on the other hand adjust and adapt to devices available according to their own needs and circumstances. In the studies of CPAP users the emphasis shifted on recognizing patients who are likely to discontinue to use these machines rather than blaming the patient for not using it. This led to looking at patient as a natural calculative subject who will do the cost-benefit analysis and decide whether to use health technology or not. This cost-benefit analysis is influenced by many psychological constructs like self identity, self- efficacy, self-confidence and social support, etc. On the basis of these calculations, by non-participation in certain health technologies, patients have created a new area of knowledge and intervention in biomedicine, health psychology, medical sociology and in sociology of science and technology. Thus medicalization of sleep has redefined the sleep as medically problematic and whole sleep industry has come up in last one decade or so. A person suffering from OSAS is no more stigmatized individual. He is no more powerless passive, dependent on medical personnel. He is a calculating independent person, an active consumer of health technology. Evolving the design of sleep machines showed that patient groups actively influence making of , evaluation and use of medical knowledge. Advantages Disadvantages of Medicalization According to Illich medicalisation has serious adverse impact on the society as the general public is made docile and reliant on the medical profession to help them cope with their life in their society. There is also structural problem as Western medicines notion of issues of healing, aging, and dying as medical illnesses. This effectively medicalises human life, rendering individuals and societies less able to deal with these natural processes. Marxists such as Vicente Navarro et.al. (1980) linked medicalization to an oppressive capitalist society. They argued that medicine makes people see health as an individual problem rather than looking at disease as a result of social inequality and poverty. It tends to strip subjects of their social context, so they come to be understood in terms of the prevailing biomedical ideology, resulting in a disregard for over-arching social causes such as unequal distribution of power and resources. Many critics believe that the term medicalization has become much more complex now as pharmaceutical companies have increasingly taken over the role of doctors, putting everyday problems into the domain of professional biomedicine. Direct to consumer advertising further undermines the role of doctors, as patients are encouraged to ask for particular drugs by name, thereby creating a conversation between consumer and drug company. Another problem with medicalization is that it puts the responsibility for the problem on individual causes and the solution to social problems on individual treatment. The psychologizing of social problems leads away from the analyses of the social structure of culture.For example, the reason for obesity is thought to be the obese person himself rather than the change in life style, socio-economic status of the person, easy availability and convenience of ready to eat junk food, etc.

Do College Students Deserve Alcohol? Essay examples -- Binge Drinking

As a college student I have to bring up a problem that has recently caught my eye. Drinking in the college environment has done much harm to the well-being of the students. The more I see drunken people around campus the more I become concerned for their safety. As I think about this more I start to question if we as body should be allowed to even possess alcohol, regardless of age. While alcohol incidents that include death are very seldom, many other categories have gone up; the number of binge drinkers-those who intend to drink to get drunk- has gone up, the number of Minor in Consumption tickets has gone up and the number of alcohol-related crimes has increased. With the full intent of ensuring the safety of my fellow students, I call for a realization in the evolution of the combination of alcohol and college as well as what harms this pact can produce. There is also the problem of how academics can be affected by drinking. If there is a problem academics which should be the fir st reason why any student should go to college, than this problem with should be fixed. Additionally, if there is a problem that affects a person’s safety, it also needs to be addressed. Alcohol has become a big part of college, as we all know. In The "Risky Business" of Binge Drinking Among College Students, author Joyce M. Wolburg gives many statistics about the harm that alcohol brings to college campuses. About five and a half billion dollars’ worth of alcohol is bought by college students annually, which is more than tuition, books, and rooms combined (Wolburg 24). It is one thing if we spend a lot of money for college itself, but when students have the desire to buy alcohol in that kind of manner, we have to understand that there is a problem t... ...d or affected in a negative way. One purpose of a college or university is to promote safety to its students. If we don’t promote enough safety our students will be thrown into unsafe drinking. Works Cited Hunter, Drew. "Peer to Peer: Effective College Learning: About Alcohol and Other Health Issues." Change 36.3 (2004): 40-44. JSTOR. Web. 8 Jan. 2011. Lederman, Linda C. "Changing the Culture of College Drinking." Web. 8 Jan. 2011. Wechsler, Henry, Toben Nelson, and Elissa Weitzman. "From Knowledge to Action: How Harvard's College Alcohol Study Can Help Your Campus Design a Campaign against Student Alcohol Abuse." Change 32.1 (2000): 32-43. JSTOR. Web. 8 Jan. 2011. Wolburg, Joyce M. "The "Risky Business" of Binge Drinking among College Students: Using Risk Models for PSAs and Anti-Drinking Campaigns." Change 36.3 (2004): 23-39. JSTOR. Web. 8 Jan. 2011.

Small Scale Production of Yogurt

SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION OF YOGURT Yogurt is a sour milk product. Its sour taste is attributed to the presence of lactic acid yielded by bacteria through fermentation. Bacteria that are commonly used in yoghurt production are Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. These bacteria have the ability to break down sugars in the milk producing lactate or lactic acid as by-product. Below is a step-by-step procedure in the production of yogurt. Find out from the procedure why yogurt has low fat content.Note: Practice aseptic technique. Wash hands before proceeding and wear lab gown, head cap, latex gloves and if necessary, facial mask to prevent unwanted contamination of the pre-yogurt mixture. Ingredients (good for one group) 1. 500 mL homogenized pasteurized milk (to be bought and brought as 1L pack good for two groups) to be provided: 2. 15 grams skim milk powder (SMP) 3. 50 grams refined sugar 4. 40 ml starter culture bacteria from natural yoghurt prepared as follows : % skim milk powder in distilled water, yoghurt or yakult, incubated at 43o to 46o for 3 to 4 hours till clotted Procedure 1. In a clean container, carefully transfer the milk and carefully dissolve the SMP and sugar. Cover with aluminum foil and heat the mixture at 90oC (water bath) for 10 minutes. 2. Cool down to 50oC in a bath of ice water. 3. Meanwhile shake the culture of the starter bacteria to free it from lumps and carefully add (inoculate) to the milk. Make sure that the temperature of the container is cool enough to touch.Mix to evenly distribute the starter culture. 5. Transfer the inoculated milk into the plastic container provided. Seal the lid with masking tape and label the container properly (group number, section and instructor). 6. Incubate the milk at 43oC to 46oC in an incubator overnight. At this point this will be taken cared of by the lab technicians and will be chilled at 4C thereafter. Reference: Davide, Clara L. 1996. Microbial Production of Yoghurt and Cheese . Training Seminar sponsored by PSM held at Ateneo de Manila, January 29-30.

Free Essays on Classification Of Automobiles

Classification of Automobiles The introduction of Henry Ford’s assembly line and the shiny black coupe it produced transformed the automobile from a luxury into a necessity. As a result the automobile industry has rocketed to new heights leaving the consumer with plenty to consider when shopping for a new vehicle. Buyers, however, spend a great deal of time deciding on a price range that coincides with their income or deciding what will catch the attention of others, when in reality they should spend more time looking at what type of vehicle is most suitable for their lifestyles. Nevertheless, this decision alone could still leave the buyer stressed out since there are several types of vehicles on the market these days. One solution is to classify all vehicles as cars, trucks or SUVs. This would relieve them from some of the stresses they might encounter during this grueling processes. Let’s say you have decided to buy a new vehicle, but you are not sure what to get. First you have to ask yourself what would facilitate your day-to-day needs. If you are looking for something economical, a car is always a safe bet. Cars tend to have smaller price tags than trucks and SUV’s, sparing your wallet. They get good gas mileage and are cheaper to repair. Cars are also suitable for everyday errands; carting the kids around, getting groceries, and going to work. Some styles of cars even come with an all-wheel drive package, which is handy in harsh winters. But there are times when a car doesn’t do what you need it to. This is when a truck might come into play. Trucks were strictly used as work vehicles when they were first introduced; they were too expensive to run on a day-to-day basis. Trucks now-a-days fit a wider verity of needs. Trucks can do every thing cars can and more. They come in two, three, and four door models with short or long beds, fleet or step sides, and small, medium or large bodies. Although t... Free Essays on Classification Of Automobiles Free Essays on Classification Of Automobiles Classification of Automobiles The introduction of Henry Ford’s assembly line and the shiny black coupe it produced transformed the automobile from a luxury into a necessity. As a result the automobile industry has rocketed to new heights leaving the consumer with plenty to consider when shopping for a new vehicle. Buyers, however, spend a great deal of time deciding on a price range that coincides with their income or deciding what will catch the attention of others, when in reality they should spend more time looking at what type of vehicle is most suitable for their lifestyles. Nevertheless, this decision alone could still leave the buyer stressed out since there are several types of vehicles on the market these days. One solution is to classify all vehicles as cars, trucks or SUVs. This would relieve them from some of the stresses they might encounter during this grueling processes. Let’s say you have decided to buy a new vehicle, but you are not sure what to get. First you have to ask yourself what would facilitate your day-to-day needs. If you are looking for something economical, a car is always a safe bet. Cars tend to have smaller price tags than trucks and SUV’s, sparing your wallet. They get good gas mileage and are cheaper to repair. Cars are also suitable for everyday errands; carting the kids around, getting groceries, and going to work. Some styles of cars even come with an all-wheel drive package, which is handy in harsh winters. But there are times when a car doesn’t do what you need it to. This is when a truck might come into play. Trucks were strictly used as work vehicles when they were first introduced; they were too expensive to run on a day-to-day basis. Trucks now-a-days fit a wider verity of needs. Trucks can do every thing cars can and more. They come in two, three, and four door models with short or long beds, fleet or step sides, and small, medium or large bodies. Although t...